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Pharmaceutical Agents Known to Produce Disulfiram-Like Reaction: Effects on Hepatic Ethanol Metabolism and Brain Monoamines

Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece

Vassiliki A. Boumba

Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece

Christoforos Thomas

Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece

Michalis Malamas

Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece

Theodore Vougiouklakis

Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece

Marios Marselos

Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece

Correspondence: Address correspondence to Petros N. Karamanakos, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Kuopio. Puijonlaaksontie 2. SF-70211 Kuopio. Finland. E-mail:petros.karamanakos{at}kuh.fi:me00188{at}cc.uoi.gr

Several pharmaceutical agents produce ethanol intolerance, which is often depicted as disulfiram-like reaction. As in the case with disulfiram, the underlying mechanism is believed to be the accumulation of acetaldehyde in the blood, due to inhibition of the hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenases. In the present study, chloramphenicol, furazolidone, metronidazole, and quinacrine, which are reported to produce a disulfiram-like reaction, as well as disulfiram, were administered to Wistar rats and the hepatic activities of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases (1A1 and 2) were determined. The expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 was further assessed by Western blot analysis, while the levels of brain monoamines were also analyzed. Finally, blood acetaldehyde was evaluated after ethanol administration in rats pretreated with disulfiram, chloramphenicol, or quinacrine. The activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 was inhibited by disulfiram, chloramphenicol, and furazolidone, but not by metronidazole or quinacrine. In addition, although well known for metronidazole, quinacrine also did not increase blood acetaldehyde after ethanol administration. The protein expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 was not affected at all. Interestingly, all substances used, except disulfiram, increased the levels of brain serotonin. According to our findings, metronidazole and quinacrine do not produce a typical disulfiram-like reaction, because they do not inhibit hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase nor increase blood acetaldehyde. Moreover, all tested agents share the common property to enhance brain serotonin, whereas a respective effect of ethanol is well established. Therefore, the ethanol intolerance produced by these agents, either aldehyde dehydrogenase is inhibited or not, could be the result of a "toxic serotonin syndrome," as in the case of the concomitant use of serotonin-active medications.

Key Words: Aldehyde Dehydrogenase • Brain Serotonin • Disulfiram-Like Reaction • Ethanol • Rat • Serotonin Syndrome

International Journal of Toxicology, Vol. 26, No. 5, 423-432 (2007)
DOI: 10.1080/10915810701583010


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